Media s Influence On The Media - 892 Words

In today’s culture, it’s hard not to come across some form of media, whether that is an advertisement on a roadway, a commercial on the television, or even an ad on the portable games you play on your phone. The average 8-18-year-old experiences about 7.5 hours of some form of media a day. [1] Out of the 24 hours in a day over a quarter of it is spent looking at or listening to advertisements for products, the news, video games, television, movies, music, books, and the internet. A common way to make a product, character, etc. is to make them or something associated with it look appealing. For beauty products, this is done with models with unhealthy or unrealistic images. [2] When did this idea start? And why would a model or actor go out of their way to obtain an an image that could potentially kill them? How can we help those who’ve been affected by these false images? When one looks at the history of when this ideal thin body started to turn up in media was around the 1920s. [3] At first it was centered around the culture someone was raised in since different cultures have different values. Americans became more interested in sporting activities such as tennis, swimming, and golf for the richer Americans. This became more and more accepted once exercise classes were opened purely for the aim of changing women s bodies. [4] Around this era, Hollywood stars’ makeup became more widely available to the public and women started to use these products to hide theirShow MoreRelatedMedia s Influence On The Media1637 Words   |  7 Pagesdisplayed in the mass media is conditioned by wealth and power, so as a result of the concentration of power and the official censorship done by the government and corporate sources; the media follows the ideas of the elite. In order to deliver messages that support the elite’s beliefs, the media goes th rough five different filters that determine the information presented, this are ownership of media, funding, sourcing, flak, and fear. First, when referring to the ownership of media, it is importantRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Media Essay1606 Words   |  7 PagesLusby English composition 12/1/2016 The Media s Influence    Can the media really persuade you into thinking a way about a person you have not even meet? The media can make influence you into thinking a certain way about some and also influence a choice that you could have to make about them that could change their life forever. To prove this I have researched into articles that could help me prove that the media can influence these things. First the media in the form of television can give you aRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media2111 Words   |  9 Pagestoday is communicated through media. Media is the most powerful and influential force in the country. The media are powerful agents of socialization and they set the standard that majority follow. The power giving to American media has allowed them to be very effective using propaganda as strategy, the media tend to say they serve to relieve social conflicts into minimum. We clearly see that the media promote social conflicts by separating class. The image that media has created in the mind of massesRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Media1977 Words   |  8 Pagespushes their political view. News viewers tend to be oblivious when it comes to bias in the media because they would rather hear what they believe is right. There are many ways to find truth in journalism that everyone needs to be aware of for example, going to more than one source and conducting a SMELL tes t. Biased media has made a big impact on it’s viewers, creating a big division between the two sides. Media plays a big part on how people get everyday news, but ultimately, it is up to the viewerRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Media1986 Words   |  8 PagesWe are a world that revolves around our media outlets. This is because we depend on them to give to us the information that we need to be able to live our daily lives. Whether it is the news on politics or just events that are happening around your area. The real question though is has news changed? And the follow up question to that would be; how do historians think news has changed? The news media has changed throughout history because of the rise of technology. It is now possible to reach peopleRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media1928 Words   |  8 Pages V. New Media In the course of the most recent couple of decades, the media scene has changed drastically. The most essential change is from an old media model of television to another media model of narrowcasting. TV alludes to media speaking to the overall population and is exemplified by system TV, radio, and daily papers. Narrowcasting, made conceivable by television networks, Internet, and satellite radio, is focused to particular gatherings of people. The new media have various essentialRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media1543 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media publicizes a substantial amount of messages about identity and acceptable ways to express gender, sexuality and ones lifestyle, but at the same time, the viewers have their own differing feelings about the issues. The media may suggest certain feelings and actions, but the audiences feelings can never overpower self-expression completely. The media portrays certain things because it is what is being accepted. Neither parties, these being the media and its audience, have full power overRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media1703 Words   |  7 Pagescentury, mass media became widely recognized. In a period of mass availability, people today have entry to more media outlets than ever before. According to media scholar Jean Kilbourne,â€Å"the average American is exposed to over 3,000 advertisements a day and watches three years’ worth of television ads over the course of a lifetime† (back cover). It is all around us, from the shows we watch on television, the music we listen to on the radio, and to the books and magazines we read each day. Media is the numberRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Media Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesMass media has a very influential part in today’s society. Consisting of radio broadcasting, books, the Internet, and television they allow information and entertainment to travel at a fast pace as well to a vast audience. This vast majority of information can easily manipulate and or persuade people to have certain stereotypes on specific genders. TV commercials are one of the most influential structures in the media. Looking back 20 to 30 years, stereotypes were clearly welcomed on TV and inRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media1014 Words   |  5 PagesThe way that diasporic audiences use media products to give them a connection to their country of origin has been a topic of research for many scholars. The in creasing ability to stream content online allows people to keep the same routine in watching content and to watch content which they can relate to and see themselves reflected in, often unlike the content on in their new home country. Online news allows people to keep up with current events and look out for events that may affect the ones they

Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation Essay - 1447 Words

Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 to April 14, 1865) was the 16th president of the United States and is regarded as one of America s greatest heroes due to his role as savior of the Union and emancipator of the slaves. His rise from humble beginnings to achieving the highest office in the land is a remarkable story. He was suddenly and tragically assassinated at a time when his country needed him to complete the great task remaining before the nation. His eloquence of democracy and insistence that the Union was worth saving embody the ideals of self-government that all nations strive to achieve. Lincoln s distinctively human and humane personality and incredible impact on the nation has endowed him with an enduring legacy. 15 GALLERY†¦show more content†¦The Civil War, Lincoln said, was the ultimate test of the preservation of the Union created in 1776, and the dead at Gettysburg fought to uphold this cause. Lincoln evoked the Declaration of Independence, saying it was up to the living to ensure that the â€Å"government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth,† and this Union was â€Å"dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.† A common interpretation was that the President was expanding the cause of the Civil War from simply reunifying the Union to also fighting for equality and abolishing slavery. Abraham Lincoln’s Assassination Abraham Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865, by well-known actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth at Ford s Theater in Washington, D.C. He was taken from the theater to the Petersen House across the street and laid in a coma for nine hours before dying the next morning. His body lay in state at the Capitol before a funeral train took him back to his final resting place in Springfield, Illinois. Family Abraham Lincoln was born to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Thomas was a strong and determined pioneer who found a moderate level of prosperity and was well respected in the community. The couple had two other children: Abraham s older sister Sarah and younger brother Thomas, who died in infancy. When young Abraham was nine years old, his mother died of tremetol (milk sickness) atShow MoreRelatedLincolns Emancipation Proclamation Essay1011 Words   |  5 PagesWill Gilbertson Connor Period 1 The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. The first one, issued September 22, 1862, declared the freedom of all slaves in any state of the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. The second order, issued January 1, 1863, named ten specific states where it would apply. Lincoln issued the Executive Order by hisRead MoreLincoln s Emancipation Proclamation : The End Of Slavery935 Words   |  4 PagesFrom Guezlo’s introduction of â€Å"Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation: The end of Slavery in America†, he acknowledged that this is one of the representative of President Lincoln’s writings in the history demonstrating his dedication to free â€Å"four million black slaves†. At the end of Guezlo’s introduction, he proposed the idea of how Lincoln would be a white friend to African American due to the power, the position he had that can help him to start deliverance. The author stated, â€Å"It would be specialRead MoreAnalysis Of Allen Guelzo And Vincent Harding1102 Words   |  5 PagesAllen Guelzo and Vincent Harding: Essay Review As a Republican President, Abraham Lincoln opposed slavery. He believed it was unnecessary to everyone-including Negros and Whites. However, with his stand on slavery, he held back by declaring that he had no reason to disrupt slavery where it existed. The constitution had protected states where citizens wanted slavery to exist. Lincoln knew he would not get enough support and that the four slave-holding states in the North would turn against him. AsRead MoreComparative Analysis of Research Articles on Slavery1451 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿WHO FREED WHOM? A Comparative Analysis of Two Articles Regarding the Emancipation of Slavery Many historians have debated over the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation, in addition to arguing over who should receive the credit for the freeing of slaves in the Civil War era. Two historians, James M. McPherson and Ira Berlin, respectfully express their contrasting views over these topics in this assignment. While I absolutely agree that the slaves in the Civil War era played a pivotalRead MoreThe Emancipation Proclamation By Harold Holzer, Edna Greene Medford, And Frank J. Williams1858 Words   |  8 PagesThe book, The Emancipation Proclamation: Three Views by Harold Holzer, Edna Greene Medford, and Frank J. Williams, reviews the Emancipation Proclamation that came into effect on January 1st, 1863 from three perspectives. Harold Holzer views the proclamation through images, and posters created before and after it was issued, while Edna Greene Medford analysis the African American view of the it. Frank J. Williams looks at the Emancipation Proclamation from a legal s tandpoint. These three views contributeRead MoreThe Reasoning And Significance Of The Emancipation Proclamation1090 Words   |  5 Pagesthat would make him known for all time. Throughout this essay, an understanding of the reasoning and significance of the proclamation that was developed by an individual [President Lincoln] that was bound by his own ethical values despite not having support of the one’s closest to him. What is not well known is that President Lincoln actually issued the Emancipation Proclamation not once, but twice. On 22 September 1862 there was a proclamation stating that on 01 Jan 1863 that all slaves in the identifiedRead MoreEmancipation Proclamation Essay2317 Words   |  10 PagesThe Emancipation Proclamation The American Civil War and the ending of slavery through issuing the Emancipation Proclamation are the two crucial events of U.S. history. Perhaps the war would not have occurred if slavery did not exist because it is one of the main reasons that the southerners and northerners got into conflict. However, if there was no Civil War and Lincoln did not issue the Emancipation Proclamation declaring the freedom of all slaves in any state of the Confederate States of AmericaRead MoreDiscuss the Relationship Between Lincolns Goals of Preserving the Union and Freeing the Slaves.1455 Words   |  6 PagesDBQ Civil War Essay In the time period of 1862 to 1865, when Lincoln takes office in March 4th to his assassination, the United States was dealing with the issues of preserving the Union. In determining whether Lincoln’s goals to preserve the Union by freeing the slaves, one must assess the knowledge of their relationship. Politically, President Lincoln tried to convince the political groups that abolishing slavery would help preserve the Union; intellectually, he gave the idea of ending slaveryRead MoreAbraham Lincoln: The Great Emancipation Essay1753 Words   |  8 PagesAbraham Lincoln: The Great Emancipator During the Abraham Lincoln’s short time as president, he managed not only to save a nation deeply divided and at war with itself, but to solidify the United States of America as a nation dedicated to the progress of civil rights. Years after his death, he was awarded the title of ‘The Great Emancipator.’ In this paper, I will examine many different aspects of Lincoln’s presidency in order to come to a conclusion: whether this title bestowed unto LincolnRead MoreJiayun1132 Words   |  5 Pagesof knowledge. However, Abrahams father gained respect of the community because he purchased his own land twice. His religious beliefs against slavery deeply influenced Abraham in his childhood. Abraham Lincolns childhood life was rough. His family moved three times, crossing states. Lincolns mother, Nancy Hanks, died from milk sickness caused by drinking the milk of cows feeding on poisonous plants  when Lincoln was only nine years old. Thomas Lincoln soon remarried after his wifes death.

Corporate Governance Global Scenario with Emphasizing

Question: Describe about the Corporate Governance for Global Scenario with Emphasizing. Answer: Introduction: Paladin Energy Ltd. is an Australia based energy production company. The company was founded in 1993. From the inception, the company has experienced significant growth in its profit count. The focus of the companys production is uranium. It is an Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) listed company with the revenue of almost $11.2 Million USD in 2007 (Paladinenergy.com.au 2016). The company is now operating with its two mines in Africa- the Langer Heinrich mine (LHM), in Namibia, and the Kayelekera mine (KM), in Malawi (Paladinenergy.com.au 2016). In addition, the company has also its deposits in Western Australia. Paladin Energy Ltd. is a registered corporation. It has a board of directors with a chairperson, CEO and other board members. According to the company website, it is Operating within the global scenario with emphasizing on the safety of the workers and the sustainability of environment. Moreover, the company also claims of responding to the outlook and hope of the communities in which it operates (Paladinenergy.com.au 2016). However, the company has faced a huge range of criticism regarding its human rights policy and the execution of the corporate social responsibilities. In the year 2004, a number of cases of deaths and injuries in the mines of Paladin Energy Ltd. have been recorded. Moreover, cases of radiation have also been registered against this particular company. All these have resulted to decreased fame for the company and total revenue slow down for them. An outline of the bases or criteria for the review: As an ASX listed company, Paladin Energy Ltd. has to maintain a number of guidelines and recommendations provided by the association. These guidelines are regarding the effective compliance to the corporate social responsibilities of the companies. However, the company has failed in certain issues in its operation. The basis of this review report has been selected as the corporate social responsibility. In modern business world, the corporate social responsibility is burning issue. The importance of this topic lies within its definition. As opined by Marano and Kostova (2016) the corporate social responsibility is the voluntary steps of an organization to ensure compliance with minimum legal requirements to address both its own corporate interests and those of the wider society. In the course of operation of a company, it uses the social and environmental resources. Hence, it is important for the organizations to be responsible to them. As mentioned by Devinney et al. (2013) the dimensions of the corporate social responsibility of a company comprises the whole sphere of the economic, legal, ethical and last but not the least the discretionary responsibilities of a company. Hence, it can be said that the upholding the human rights and the environmental consciousness is a responsibility of an org anization. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of corporate sustainability, maintaining the workers rights and welfare, compliance of the legal boundaries of the host country and the environmental issues, the CRS activities are substantial for a companys growth. As discussed by Hecht (2012) by ensuring the employee security and environmental safeguards the companies make themselves valid for the future market. Moreover, the organizations, which are fundamentally dependent of the labor force and environmental resources, it is important for them to restore the resources. Here, in the following report a review will be done on the corporate social responsibility and the failure of Paladin Energy Ltd. in executing it. The company has a well-stated guideline almost every CSR issues. These are according to the ASX guidelines and recommendations. However, in reality the organization has failed to attain them. A review on the corporate social responsibility guidelines and its execution will throw a light to the companys commitment to the society. In addition to this, the companies need to maintain a well-structured board of directors and management committee. ASX suggests that by maintaining an accountable committee for the responsibilities of the board, the companies need to ensure the effective compliance to the global guidelines of corporate responsibility. The critical review: The ASX recommendations on corporate social responsibility: As this report is dedicated to review the corporate social responsibilities towards the labours and environment, the relevant principles, regulations and recommendations of the ASX will be discussed. According to the Principle 3: Act ethically and responsibly, the companies, which are listed with the ASX, need to respect the human rights of its employees. Moreover, the listed companies are directed to create a safe and non-discriminatory workplace for the employees (Asx.com.au 2016). In addition to this, as mentioned by Conway (2012) the ASX suggests the companies to not knowingly participate in any illegal or unethical activity. As mentioned by the association, Acting ethically and responsibly will enhance a listed entitys brand and reputation and assist in building long-term value for its investors (Asx.com.au 2016). Moreover, as mentioned by Anderson and Lama (2015) the association also suggests to act in the best interest of the society. ASXs Principle 3: Act ethically and responsibly largely suggests the companies to act in a manner so that both the interests of the employees and the society can be uphold. To maintain this recommendation the ASX suggests to describe the organizations operation processes for preventing these issues. The ASX hugely concentrates on creating a audit committee for reviewing all the regulatory issues. In addition to this, the ASX talks about acting honestly and with high standards of personal integrity for the directors. According to the association, it helps the companies to work ethically and responsibly. Here, the association suggests, comply with the laws and regulations that apply to the entity and its operations (Asx.com.au 2016). This helps the companies to rely to the governmental regulations of the countries they are operating it. Hence, it can be said that the association suggests the listed companies to work in a manner that provides the employees and other stakeholders security as well as sustainability. ASX concentrates on the risk management issues with its Principle 7: Recognize and manage risk. According to this principle, the listed companies need to have a committee or committees to oversee risk. As mentioned by Conway (2012) by maintain a committee the association tries to limit the risks and ensure sustainable impact on the environment and the society. The status of the company: As mentioned by WBCSD, the corporate social responsibility can be discussed as the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to sustainable economic development while improving the quality of life of the work force and their families as well as of the local community and society (Wbcsd.org 2016). As opined by Raufflet et al. (2014) the companies have a huge range of responsibility towards its employees. The published standards of CSR in the Beijing declaration talk about the rights of the woman workers in the workplace. These rights were about the Human rights of women, Women and the environment and Women and health. These include the safeguards of women during her pregnancy. Moreover, the International Labour Organization (ILO) guidelines also support the same safeguards to the women workers (Mzembe et al. 2016). In addition, the ASX has also guidelines for its listed companies to maintain humane condition in the workplace for the employees. In the case of this particular organization, they have certain human rights policies declared. According to the company website, the organization follows the International Labour Organization (ILO) guidelines, the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights and many other international legal boundaries. This can be identified as compliance to the ASX measure of ethical governance for the listed companies. With the listing down of the relevant regulations in the company constitution, the organization is maintaining the guidelines of providing safe and non-discriminating working environment to the workers. It can be identified as one of the major guidelines of ASX in for corporate responsibilities of the companies. In case of Paladin Energy Ltd, the board of directors is solely responsible to comply with the ASXs guideline. Apart from that, board of directors need to identify appropriate strategies in order to conduct sustainable business. The business process of the company directly harms the environment and therefore, the company should take suitable approach for mitigating environmental issues (Raufflet, Cruz and Bres 2014). When it comes to the internal environment, the board of directors should set efficient policies for employees health and safety. Organizational structure has huge impact on the corporate social responsibilities. Here, the company has adopted hierarchical organizational structure. In such organizational structure, the company should maintain equal opportunity and low discriminative practice. Therefore, the board of directors should implement policies in order to encourage equality within the organization. Apart from that, the board of directors need to comply with the ASX s guideline while decision-making process. The company would be able to conduct sustainable business with efficient environmental policies. Policy development of an organization depends on the organizational structure, functionality and its board of directors (Wilson 2015). However, in the year 2013, the ICIJ (The International Consortium of Investigative journalists) had reported At Paladin's second Africa-based mine in Namibia, unions criticized the company's safety record after allegations that three female miners miscarried due to radiation exposure (International Consortium of Investigative Journalists 2016). According to them, it is not a sporadic phenomenon in the Australia based mining companies in Africa (International Consortium of Investigative Journalists 2016). As mentioned by Conde and Kallis (2012) due to the lack of governmental vigilance in these countries, the organizations like Paladin Energy Ltd. find no difficulty in curbing its own human rights policies. However, the organization has denied any responsibility for this particular case (Kamlongera 2013). Moreover, with further investigation, the reporters of ICIJ find a significant breach of the health and safety requirements of the organization. On the other hand, as opined by Kemp et al. (2012) providing healthy work environment and welfare services to the employees can be identified as a corporate responsibility for the companies like Paladin Energy Ltd. it encompasses the ethical as well as the legal responsibilities of the company. According to the ASX guidelines, the company has maintained a Human Rights Policy for the employees in the organization. However, the ASX does not have any specific regulation regarding this, but the company has incorporated the global guidelines by following the recommendations of ASX. Thus, it can be noted that, in spite of having an ASX supported CSR guidelines; the company has failed to implement it in the real life operation. As mentioned previously, the ASX suggests to maintain a committee for risk management (Asx.com.au 2016). According to the company website, the company has a well-structured risk management policy. The policy has a clear mention of the Principle 4 of the Australian Securities Exchange Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendation, and according to this guidelines, the company has formulated audit committees for over viewing the day-to-day risks (Paladinenergy.com.au 2016). However, in the year of 2007, as mentioned by Edwards et al. (2014) the organization Paladin Africa was tangled in a legal case regarding its step of uranium exploration at the Kayelekera project in Karonga district. The case was filed by a local NGO, which claimed, that uranium mining would cause environmental degradation and pollution of local lakes and rivers, leading to groundwater contamination (Wilson 2015). Moreover, A claim was also been made that the organization needs to make an agreement with the local communities requiring the company to protect their environment and health. As mentioned by Mzembe and Downs (2014) at that time the Mawali Government did not have any legal boundary regarding the uranium mining. The company was trying to get the advantage of it and make a profitable business without making any commitment to the local authority. This outlook of the company was completely deviating from the ASX recommendation of not utilizing the position for any unethical adv antage. The company had an infamous reputation by deviating from the Principle 3 recommendation of acting responsibly towards the environment. The company now has a clear charter of community relation, environment and radiation policy. With their radiation policy, the company has tried to follow the recommendations of the principle. They have a clear charter of providing information and training to the employees radiation management. These were according to the ASX guidelines. However, in that very year the company complied with the specifications after the legal issues took place. The company has a clearly stated policy of respecting the attitudes and expectations of host communities, contributing to the growth and prosperity of host countries through community development and working safely, with due regard to employees welfare and the environment (Paladinenergy.com.au 2016). The company is trying to regain its name and the brand value by collaborating to the Malawi government. As opined by Littlewood (2014) the company has promised to share the governmental burden of community development in this locality. The ASX does not have any specific guidelines for these issues; however, the Principle 4 in recommendations can be maintained in this regard. The company has already maintained the guidelines, but they failed to utilize the policy maintained by their own. However, in the later period with the compliance of the Mawalis governments rule the company has tried to maintain the ASX suggestions of compulsory compliance with the governmental laws and upholding the aboriginal cultures. Conclusion: Hence, from the above discussion, it can be noticed that the company has a well-structured corporate social responsibility policies in its company constitution. However, in realty the company has failed to serve the guidelines and publically accused of being an irresponsible corporate organization. The company has failed to maintain the ASX suggested guidelines and lagged behind in the maintaining the welfare of the human resources and the brand name as suggested in the ASX guidelines. Hence, it can be said that by rigorously following the company constitution, which is, maintaining the ASX recommendations the organization can get the label of A Good Company among the customers and the stakeholders. To achieve this strata the company may follow the recommendations mentioned in the following paragraphs. Recommendations: Hence, it can be noted that the company has faced a number of legal issues during its operation in the national as well as the international field. Hence, it is important for them to review their human rights policies and corporate social responsibility. Hence, for the betterment of the scenario the organization can opt for the following recommendations: The organization needs to focus on its occupational health and safety policy. According to the company policy, the Managing Director/CEO is responsible to the Board of Directors for the compliance of the legal guidelines. However, it is not enough for achieving the highest level of CSR activities. In the branch offices, enough tools and techniques are needs to be arranged so that the employees mainly the miners can be able to register their problems to the organizations record. Moreover, a competent employee is needed to be appointed who will directly report to the CEO. For the review of the reported issues with the company policies those are oriented to the employees, the employees need to wait for the executives from the head office situated in Perth. However, the company is mainly operating in Africa. Hence, it is important for the company to make a review establishment in the operational stations. It will help the apex authority to keep a close eye on the ongoing operation of the company and ensure better employee management. The corporate social responsibility policy of the company needs to include some strategies, which will make the indigenous population connected to the company. As discussed before, the scandal in Africa and the authorities insensitive press comments has made the organization badly reputed in Africa. Hence, as opined by Schnug and Lottermoser (2013) it is important for them to blend to the community and make them feel safe for better operation. The company can opt for some charitable projects for uplifting the life style of the African aboriginal communities. It will help them to come closer to the communities and gain their faith. The company needs to follow the ASX guidelines by understanding its essences. The management needs to understand the compliance issues for the listed companies. ASX concentrates on uplifting the company share and the brand name. Hence, by following the ASX guidelines in real life operations the organization can obtain a better level of corporate eminence. References: Anderson, W. and Lama, T., 2015. Company characteristics and compliance with ASX corporate governance principles. Asx.com.au. 2016.Home - Australian Securities Exchange - ASX. [online] Available at: https://www.asx.com.au/ [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Conde, M. and Kallis, G., 2012. The global uranium rush and its Africa frontier. Effects, reactions and social movements in Namibia.Global Environmental Change,22(3), pp.596-610. Conway, S.L., 2012. Guidelines for Corporate Governance Disclosureare Australian listed companies conforming?.Journal of the Asia-Pacific Centre for Environmental Accountability,18(1), pp.5-24. Devinney, T.M., Schwalbach, J. and Williams, C.A., 2013. Corporate social responsibility and corporate governance: Comparative perspectives.Corporate Governance: An International Review,21(5), pp.413-419. Edwards, D.P., Sloan, S., Weng, L., Dirks, P., Sayer, J. and Laurance, W.F., 2014. Mining and the African environment.Conservation Letters,7(3), pp.302-311. Hecht, G., 2012.Being nuclear: Africans and the global uranium trade. Mit Press. International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. 2016.International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. [online] Available at: https://www.icij.org [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Kamlongera, P.J., 2013. The mining boom in Malawi: implications for community development.Community Development Journal,48(3), pp.377-390. Kemp, D., Owen, J.R. and Van de Graaff, S., 2012. Corporate social responsibility, mining and audit culture.Journal of Cleaner Production,24, pp.1-10. Littlewood, D., 2014. Cursedcommunities? Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), company towns and the mining industry in Namibia.Journal of business ethics,120(1), pp.39-63. Marano, V. and Kostova, T., 2016. Unpacking the institutional complexity in adoption of CSR practices in multinational enterprises.Journal of Management Studies,53(1), pp.28-54. Mzembe, A.N. and Downs, Y., 2014. Managerial and stakeholder perceptions of an Africa-based multinational mining company's Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).The Extractive Industries and Society,1(2), pp.225-236. Mzembe, A.N. and Meaton, J., 2014. Driving corporate social responsibility in the Malawian mining industry: a stakeholder perspective.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,21(4), pp.189-201. Mzembe, A.N., Downs, Y. and Meaton, J., 2016. Corporate social responsibility in Malawi: Antecedents, issues, practices and future directions. InCorporate Social Responsibility in Sub-Saharan Africa(pp. 3-29). Springer International Publishing. Paladinenergy.com.au. (2016).Paladin Energy. [online] Available at: https://www.paladinenergy.com.au/ [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016].Paper Raufflet, E., Cruz, L.B. and Bres, L., 2014. An assessment of corporate social responsibility practices in the mining and oil and gas industries.Journal of Cleaner production,84, pp.256-270. Schnug, E. and Lottermoser, B.G., 2013. Fertilizer-derived uranium and its threat to human health.Environmental science technology,47(6), pp.2433-2434. Wbcsd.org. 2016.WBCSD - World Business Council for Sustainable Development. [online] Available at: https://www.wbcsd.org [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Dashwood, H.S., 2014. Sustainable Development and Industry Self-Regulation Developments in the Global Mining Sector.Business Society,53(4), pp.551-582. Wilson, S.A., 2015. Corporate social responsibility and power relations: Impediments to community development in post-war Sierra Leone diamond and rutile mining areas.The Extractive Industries and Society,2(4), pp.704-713.

The type of hypersensitivity Essay Example

The type of hypersensitivity Essay Section 2: Describe in inside informations three pathologies characterized by Type IV immune reactions. Hypersensitivity is the organic structure s overdone response to an allergen. The type IV hypersensitivity besides called delayed type hypersensitivity ( DTH ) as it takes 2-3 yearss for reaction to develop after exposure is a cell mediated immune response. The reaction does non affect antibodies but is due to interaction of T cells with antigens. The T cells involved in reactions are the memory cells derived from anterior stimulation to same antigen. Two common illustrations of DTH are the tuberculin type and contact type hypersensitivity ( Playfair and Chain, 2009 ) . The measure wise activity in Type IV is as follows: Antigen APC macrophage macrophage activated granuloma formation The tuberculin trial, allergic reaction to metal salts and little reactive chemicals coupled to haptens, rejection of transplanted variety meats and tegument contact reaction to poison Hedera helixs are illustrations of type IV hypersensitivity. Tuberculosis: Mycobacteria TB, an obligatory aerophilic intracellular pathogen enters the host via the respiratory path. The alveolar macrophages cause phagocytosis of bacteriums and cell mediated unsusceptibility develops and there is an inflow of lymph cells and activated macrophages into the lesion ensuing in granuloma formation. These bacilli remain in the granuloma and may acquire reactivated ( Reviewed in Raja, 2004 ) . When the host fails to support itself, the prevailing antigen provokes a chronic local DTH reaction. Continuous release of cytokines from the sensitized T lymphocytes leads to macrophage accretion many of which signifier epithelioid cells while others form multinucleate giant cells. Macrophages bearing bacterial antigen become marks for cytotoxic T-cells. Tissue harm occurs due to cytokine activated macrophages. The Mantoux reaction is characterized by erythema and sclerosis on shooting tuberculin into cell mediated immune person. Chronic granulomas are conseque nces of the above ( Delves and others, 2006 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The type of hypersensitivity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The type of hypersensitivity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The type of hypersensitivity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Contact Dermatitis: This is a type of DTH response. It can happen in people who become sensitized while working with chemicals such as picryl chloride and chromates, methanal, trinitrophenol, Ni, gum terpentine, and active agents in assorted cosmetics and hair dyes. Poison oak and toxicant Hedera helixs are mediated by Th1cells. The mechanism involves the contact between the low molecular weight stuffs that are able to adhere to the peptides within the MHC channels on the surface of the Langherhans cells ( antigen showing cells ) to organize antigens. The Th1 cells sensitize to organize allergic Th1 cells. Subsequent interaction or exposure consequences in cytokine production that takes along clip. Chemical reaction is accompanied by hydrops of the cuticle with microvesicle formation. Skin testing is done to observe hypersensitivity. Patch trial is used to name patients with DTH ( Kindt and others, 2007 ; Delfs and others,2006 ) Contact sensitiveness ( CS ) , a signifier of DTH holding a T cell mediated response that occurs after exposure to haptens is characterized by subsequent leucocyte infiltration into tissue and hydrops on rhenium exposure. A survey on this was done to understand the map of mast cells and their function in contact hypersensitivity. ( Norman et al. , 2008 ) Type 1 Diabetes mellitus: It is a metabolic upset characterized by hyperglycaemia and is associated with entire or about lacking insulin due to pancreatic beta cell devastation. The pathogenesis involves the cytotoxic T lymph cell infiltration that lead to insulitis and affects the beta cells. Activated T lymphocytes cause cytokines formation ensuing in CD8+ cytotoxicity. The progresss converge towards the end of developing an antigen-specific immunotherapy for Type 1Diabetes ( Tsai et al.,2008 ) . Drumhead: Cell mediated hypersensitivity has been demonstrated in fungous diseases such as moniliasis, dermatophytosis, coccidioidiomycosis and histoplamosis and parasitic disease leshmaniasis. Crohn s disease and ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease belonging to the inflammatory intestine disease ( IBD ) exist as entities ensuing from dysregulated mucosal immune response to microbic antigens. Crohn s disease is characterized by transmural granulomatous redness affecting the full wall signifier mucous membrane to serosa. There is development of fibrosis, micro perforations, and fistulous witherss. Through out the GI piece of land redness seen. Organ specific autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, is a cell mediated hypersensitivity reaction. Psoriasis and Sarcoidosis are besides upsets of the delayed type of hypersensitivity ( James, 2000 ) . All of the above mentioned diseases show the type IV Hypersensitivity reactions. Mention: Delfs PJ. , Martin SJ. , BurtonDR. , Roitt IM. ( 2006 ) Roitt s Essential Immunolgy. 11th ed.Blackwell publication. The different types of type IV hypersensitivity reaction are explained along with clinical manifestations. Fauci, Braunwald, et al. ( 2009 ) . Harrison s Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Ed, vol. 1, 2. McGraw Hill Medical. James, DG. ( 2000 ) A clinicopathological categorization of granulomatous upsets. Post grad Med Journal, 76 ( 898 ) Aug, pp. 457-465. Detailed information on granuloma formation. Kindt TJ. , Goldsby RA. and Osborne BA. , ( 2007 ) Kuby Immunology. 6th erectile dysfunction. New York. W.H.Freeman and company. Norman MU. , Hwang J, Hulliger S, Bonder CS, Yamanauchi J, Santamaria P and Kubes P. ( 2008 ) Mast Cells Regulate the Magnitude and the Cytokine Microenvironment of the Contact Hypersensitivity Response. Am J Pathology,172 ( 6 ) June, pp.1638-1649. Detailed account about contact hypersensitivity and mast cells functional function in ths hypersensitivity. Playfair, JHL. And Chain, BM. ( 2009 ) Immunology at a Glance.9th erectile dysfunction. London, Wiley-Blackwell. Introduction and background cognition to type IV hypersensitivity. Raja, A. ( 2004 ) Review article: Immunology of Tuberculosis. Indian Journal of Medical Research 120, October, pp. 213-232. Detailed description of Tuberculosis and related immunological facets. Tsai, S. , A. Shameli, Santamaria P. ( 2008 ) . CD8+ T cells in type 1 diabetes. Adv Immunol 100, pp. 79-124.